The Concept of Racism and Abuse of Power in Our Society Essay

Pop Culture and Nursing Academic Paper Introduction This paper will use the movie Crash (Haggis, 2005) to examine the concept of racism and abuse of power in our society. Haggis demonstrates how everyone’s lives are intertwined and how the powerfully destructive impact of racist views impede ones ability to function justly. Madeline Leningers theory on transcultural nursing along with the RNAO guidelines and an article called Racism and Its Implications in Ethical-Moral Reasoning in Nursing Practice: A tentative approach to a largely unexplored topic written by Maya Shaha (1998) will help exhibit the repercussions racism has for nurses and the many other health care professionals. Brief Summary of the Movie The film Crash†¦show more content†¦There are different situations that may arise in nursing with regards to racism. There may be nurse-patient racism, patient-nurse racism, patient-patient racism, and nurse-nurse racism. All of these types of scenarios that may present themselves do not result in the best care for a client. Being exposed to racism in the health care field can lead to stress related to making ethical decisions. A racist mind-set may be articulated through negative remarks about culturally different clients. Shaha (1998) states that According to Leininger, nurses’ ethnocentric attitudes towards culturally different clients may result in difficulties in nurse–client relationships. Such difficulties may have an ethical–moral dimension. In maintaining an ethnocentric attitude towards these clients, nurses may violate their dignity and autonomy (Leininger, 1991 as cited by Shaha, 1998). In the first type of scenario, if a nurse is racist to wards a patient they may not take their cultural beliefs or rituals seriously, which my damage the trust you have with that patient. A nurse needs to be culturally aware when dealing with different races. Leninger (1991) describes it best when she writes that transcultural nursing is a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and differences (culture-specific) across human groups. Furthermore, Leininger (1999) illustrates that our biases and prejudice usually comeShow MoreRelatedRacism : The Roots Of Racism1144 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor issue of racism in America and the effect it had on the people at the receiving end.The book showed how the whole government system was racist and would not allow the non-whites to uplift.As a result they always remained in poverty.So as part of my research assignment I decided to conduct research on racism. My hypothesis was that even though racist policies have ended racism is still a major issue in the society .I broke my research down to 3 primary question. Origin of racism in America.WhatRead MoreRacism: A Social Problem Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesExplanations that justify the use of racism directly relates to differential treatment of minority groups and contributes to racism’s existence as an unstoppable social problem. The foundations of these explanations are based on the common misunderstanding of the definition of race. Thus, problems that tend to concentrate in one race are mistakenly judged as â€Å"race problems†. This judgement leads to the establishment of a system of inequality between a superior race and inferior races. However, theRead MoreRacism : A Social Problem1677 Words   |  7 PagesRacism: A Social Problem Explanations that justify the use of racism directly relates to differential treatment of minority groups and contributes to racism’s existence as an unstoppable social problem. The foundations of these explanations are based on the common misunderstanding of the definition of race. Thus, problems that tend to concentrate in one race are mistakenly judged as â€Å"race problems†. This judgement leads to the establishment of a system of inequality between a superior race and inferiorRead MoreRacism And Racism : New Zealand Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In Aotearoa New Zealand the legacy of ongoing colonization by European (especially British) settlers has produced a society characterized by the presence of major ethnic and cultural disparities† (Kearns, Moewaka-Barnes, McCreanor, 2009). New Zealand has a population of around four million people. Within that amount of people ranges a vast variety of races consisting predominately of European/Pakeha, Maori, Asian and Pacific people. The Maori, who make up 15% of the population, are indigenousRead MoreThe Solid Power Of Discrimination1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe solid power of discrimination in modern Mexico stems from the construction of Mexican society during the Spanish colonization in the 1500’s. One of the most powerful weapons concealed by the European during the Conquest was hegemony. Hegemony is â€Å"a basic principle of social control, in which a ruling class dominates others ideologically, with a minimum of physical force, by making its dominance seem natural and inevitable† (Chasteen, 2001). Thus, by using hegemony, the Spaniard convinced theRead MoreHow Culture Shape The World And Form Relationship862 Words   |  4 Pagesmine to acknowledge their culture in the area of language, dress, norms roles and traditions. This paper or project is aim to assist me to put into practice what I have learnt from the course concept of Understanding Diversity. Culture is that which define us; it molds our identity and has a great influence on our behavior. I interviewed a course mate at the school cafeteria on a face to face interview. 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Different races has led a social problem creating racism and discrimination which leads to inequalityRead MoreEssay on Impact of Rasicm on Idenity in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn society, there are many misconceptions in terms of racism. According to the merriam-webster dictionary, racism is define the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others . Many people would agree with that definitio n. What is racism? The normal person if asked will simply reply, not liking someone for the color of their skin. Racism from my attitude which is substantiated by historical events is a system of power .Therefore

Essay on Laurent Clerc - 769 Words

Perhaps one of the most notable and widely known members in Deaf society is Laurent Clerc, who was a teacher for the deaf. Born on December 26, 1785 in La Balme-les-Grottes, in southeastern France to hearing parents, it is unknown for sure whether Clerc was born deaf or was deafened later on in life. It is believed that Clerc became deaf at the age of one when he had fallen from his high chair into a fire, badly burning his cheek. He developed a fever from the burn, and was later found out to have lost his sense of smell and hearing. As far as it is known, Clerc was non-speaking and relied on pen and paper to those who could not communicate using sign language. For the first eleven years of his life, Clerc was not sent to school. At the†¦show more content†¦However, during the 52-day journey he made it a point to master the use of the English language. This knowledge paired with the use of French Sign Language contributed greatly to evolution of American sign language. Toge ther, Clerc and Gallaudet founded the first deaf school in the United States, what is now known as the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. The school opened on April 15, 1817 with Gallaudet serving as the principal and Clerc as the head teacher. Aside from teaching the students, Clerc was responsible to training the future teachers and administrators of the School. He was sent to other schools throughout the United States to continue to teach his methods to both students and prospective teachers, and his influence on teaching the deaf spread widely throughout the United States. Though Laurent Clerc had originally planned of staying the United States for only three years and then returning to his native France, Clerc married a former student of his and decided to settle in the states. He did, however, return to his homeland to visit. After 50 years of teaching for the deaf, Clerc retired from teaching in 1858. He died at the age of 84 on July 18, 1869. The legacy of Laurent Clerc is long withstanding. As the first teacher for deaf individuals, he pioneered a system of teaching the deaf that carries on today. Without him, the American School for the Deaf may not have come to fruition. By offering classes in signShow MoreRelatedEssay Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher958 Words   |  4 PagesLaurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher 1785-1869 Laurent Clerc was born in LaBalme, France, on Dec. 26 1785. His father was Mayor of the town and the family could boast of a long line of magistrates in the Clerc lineage. At the age of one, the infant fell from a kitchen chair by accident into a nearby fireplace. He was burned on one side of his face and a fever left him totally deaf. He had uncle also named Laurent Clerc, who heard about the school for the deaf in Paris. When he was twelve years oldRead MoreLaurent Clercs Deaf School529 Words   |  2 Pages Laurent Clerc was born on December 26, 1785. It is believed that Clerc became deaf by falling off of his high chair into the kitchen fireplace around age one. He had gotten a severe burn on his right cheek, and a fever developed, and later on his hearing and smelling senses were damaged. It was never quite clear whether he was born deaf, or if it had been a cause of his accident. Clerc’s parents had tried many different treatments to get Clercs hearing back, although none of them succeeded. Read MoreThe Apostle Of The Deaf Essay1833 Words   |  8 PagesLouis Laurent Marie Clerc or commonly known as the â€Å"Apostle of the Deaf in America†, was born December 26, 1785 in La Balme -les-Grottes, France. Mr. Clerc was born in a village in the south-eastern side of France; he came from a well off middle class family that would have been considered bourgeois for his time. His father was Joseph Francis Clerc a civil attorney for the royal family and his mother was Marie Elizabeth Candy whose father was a notary public. Her father as well as being an attorneyRead MoreSummary : American Sign Language 957 Words   |  4 PagesGallaudet didn’t think that those methods were the best, so he went on to France. While he was there, Gallaudet met Laurent Clerc, a Deaf teacher who taught at Institut Royal des Sourds-Muets (the Royal Institution for Deaf-Mutes) in Paris. Gallaudet liked the technique that Clerc used to teach his Deaf students. Fifteen months later, Galla udet returned to America with Laurent Clerc. Together with Dr. Cogswell s help, they established the American Asylum for Deaf-Mutes, later renamed the AmericanRead MoreImproving the Lives of So Many: The Invention of Sign Language823 Words   |  3 Pagesbut to enrich the lives of all.† This important quote from Laurent Clerc shows his opinion on the acceptance of Deaf people in the world. He understood through first hand experience the importance of communication and education for the Deaf community. Eventually with the help of Thomas Gallaudet Sign Language was brought to the US and together the pair helped improve the lives of Deaf people living in the United States. Laurent Clerc was a deaf man from France born on December 26th 1785. HeRead MoreSeeing Voices : A Journey Into The World Of The Deaf1075 Words   |  5 Pagesto write down what was taught to them through a signing interpreter. One of the teachers at the institution named Laurent Clerc, was himself a deaf-mute. He was encouraged by the Reverend Thomas Gallaudet in 1817 to come to America. Together Clerc and Gallaudet founded the American Asylum for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. This was the first American school for the deaf. Clerc taught the French system of sign, this mixed with the native sign languages among deaf communities help to form AmericanRead MoreThe Importance of Language and Culture3202 Words   |  13 Pagesfor deaf children. This lead to the establishment of teachering training program that allow persons from around the world to take his methods back to their home countries. Laurent Clerc was a deaf pupil at the Institution Nationale Des Sourds-Muets, a f amous deaf school in Paris founded by Charles de I’Epee in 1760. Laurent Clerc made a dynamic impact on Deaf Americans for generations to come by providing total access communication style of education. As the first teacher of the deaf in America heRead MoreChloe Ziff . Professor Gary Rosenblatt. April 13, 2017.991 Words   |  4 Pagescentury. After a Pennsylvania, preacher named Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet had met a young deaf girl named Alice Cogswell, he set off to Europe to learn how to educate her. There he met Abbe Sicard and Laurent Clerc who taught him ways in which they educated deaf children in Paris. Gallaudet brought Clerc back to the United States where they founded the American School for the Deaf in 1817. Gallaudet is a school where deaf people came to get educated. After they had learned ASL, they spread across theRead MoreSigns Of The Deaf Community Sign Language1279 Words   |  6 Pagesmanner of communication with the deaf. His essays showed his own system of language for the deaf including an alphabet and a series of studies on phonetics (Duchan). Moving forward, we meet two men named Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet and Clerc are the men most responsible for the sign language in America (Rosen). During the 18th century sign languages started developing throughout France and America and by the time 1885 rolled around Juan Pablo Bonet’s findings were finallyRead MoreI Am A Future Speech Language Pathologist1307 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage. As well as according to Delaporte and Shaw (2011) linguists and anthropologists have long argued that LSF influenced the majority of the ASL lexicon. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc brought LSF to the United States in 1817 when they opened the American School for the deaf. Gallaudet brought Clerc to the United States after spending years looking for sign language guidance throughout Europe. According to Gallaudet University’s biography, Thomas fell into deaf culture, around 1814

Integration of Logistics and Cloud Computing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integration of Logistics and Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction: The research topic that is selected is Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing for Business. This study documents the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing for business and establish its relationship to the business world. Aim of cloud computing for business is to provide a complete view of how cloud computing is related to business. This particular study is considered to be of utmost importance resulting from the current state of cloud computing and several issues that are faced in adoption of cloud computing by business. However, it is required by business to have a holistic view of the way they are getting impacted by cloud computing. The aim of this research is to explore the understanding of advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing with a critical analysis of users and providers. Research is conducted to bridge the gap between providers and users that is business enterprises and therefore, there will be depiction of more holistic view of cloud computing. Objective of research is to come up with valuable findings and conclusions about advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing for business. It is fairly a recent trend with lots of research to be done for making the project worthwhile (Fernndez et al. 2014). The scope of study is to provide a clear understanding of cloud computing and its relevance in business by discussing advantages and disadvantages. A wide coverage in study involves the implication of cloud computing for business mainly in developed country such as Australia. In technology, cloud computing is a relatively concept and most of properties of cloud computing is related to earlier technologies. Cloud computing is gaining ground in this competitive era and one of the considerable reason associated with this is cutting down of information technology cost (Alzahrani et al. 2014). Cloud computing can be defined as a model that enables on demand network and convenient access to a shared pool of organizing computing resources for rapidly releasing and provisioning with least interaction with service provider and minimal effort of management. Software as a Service- Users of cloud computing are able to access the applications through several devices in Internet as they run on infrastructure of cloud providers. This does not make it necessary for users to install software on their computer. Users utilize up to date versions as provider automatically do the updates. A pay per use is applied in this model and there is no need for business to pay for license. Organization performing specific processes and functions utilizes Saas applications. However, users does not have the capability to manage and control cloud infrastructure. Infrastructure as a Service- An entire virtual data center of resources such as bandwith, storage, servers and computing resources are provided by cloud service provider. One of the evolution of Saas is business process as a Service that helps in outsourcing of entire business process to their party. Platform as a Service- Cloud delivered services are used by customers for deploying, managing and running applications on the infrastructure of providers. Some of the essential characteristics of cloud computing are as follows: Providing broad access to network- Cloud computing models helps in the transmission of capabilities as it has vision for ubiquitous computing. Various standardized platforms such as laptops and mobiles can be used for accessing. Rapid elasticity- There is a rapid elasticity of resources via cloud that is built on utility model. Computing need and requirements of consumers can be scaled up and down due to unlimited appearance of resources. Resource pooling- Clients are serviced simultaneously as multi-tenancy model are incorporated in cloud model and the requirements of clients are met by poling computing resources of providers. As per the demands of customers, there is a dynamic assignment and reassignment of resources (Mezgr and Rauschecker 2014). Since the resources are independent of one another, there is no need to locate them together. Measured service- At different level of abstraction, cloud service has metering capability as it incorporates utility model. Resources helps in aiding accountability for consumers and provider as resources are well controlled and monitored. Loose Coupling- The basis of building applications of cloud computing is dependent on the fact that there is a discourage of dependencies between components. Overall scalability of application is added by sum of parts. On demand self-service- Implementation and provisioning of cloud computing does not need any human interaction and solutions are consumed and delivered over the internet. Cloud computing has some of the possible deployment model that are categorized as private cloud, public cloud, community cloud and hybrid cloud (Fernando et al. 2013). Community cloud- In this type of cloud computing, sharing of cloud infrastructure is done exclusively to specific communities consisting of organizations having common concerns such as common requirement of securities sand common mission. Infrastructure of this type of cloud computing is located either off or on premises. Private cloud- In this type of computing, a single organization owns or lease the cloud infrastructure such that the services are used exclusively. Their location can be either outside or inside premises. Hybrid Cloud- In this particular model, the cloud infrastructure is a combination more than two or two positioning models of separate entities and that are wrapped together by proprietary or standardized technologies (Subramanian et al. 2015). Public Cloud- In this type of computing model, an organization is owning cloud infrastructure that are open to use as the services are offered to general public and large group of industry. Potential advantages of cloud computing: In order to understand the benefits and challenges of cloud computing for organizations and business, the term is too imprecise. With the development of new technologies, tendency of organizations is to under estimate the long-term benefits and overestimate the short-term effects of cloud computing. Some of long-term and short-term benefit of cloud computing are as follows: Cost reduction- Reduction of cost of information technology and simplification of operation of information technology is one of the most prominent advantage provided by cloud computing utility model. An organization employing such model is not required to have in house upfront of information technology investments in servers, hardware and other resources of information technology. Organization faces reduced operational expenses by reducing capital expenses. Cost of using the applications is dependent upon usage as there is no requirement of making up front investments. It is the responsibility of provider of cloud service to update their system and therefore, firms are not required to incur any cost or investment on system updation and maintenance. Services of cloud computing is very attractive in the event of rapid changes in demand of consumers as there are some of the services of cloud computing such as computing power and store of data that has comparatively reduced or lower cost (Assuno et al. 2015). The direct benefit of cloud computing is reduction of information technology costs, there are some indirect benefits resulting from cloud computing services adoption. Organization is able to focus on their core business and activities that are most relevant to them. It enables them to focus on their core and main activities. Most of technological constraints faced by business are removed as cloud computing helps in reducing the information technology constraints by freeing up resources and free time and therefore driving the agility of business by focusing on the main components of business (Garrison et al. 2015). This in turn helps in accelerating the results of business, driving the productivity gains and improving the process of business and thereby improving the performance of whole organization. Operational benefits to business- Migration to cloud computing services results in operational benefits for any organization that helps in facilitation of day to day running of business. Organization using cloud service has the possibility of accessing services from various platforms due to mobility and flexibility provided that helps in efficiently getting things done. Information technology department of an organization has do it yourself approach due to provision of self-services (Oliveira et al. 2014). There are better utilizations of assets such as furniture and office area. Eco friendly- Adoption of cloud computing services helps in reducing hardware components required by any business enterprise and thereby reducing the consumption of energy. For this reason, cloud computing is regarded as ecofriendly (Hameed et al. 2016). There is a centralized infrastructure for data centers using the cloud computing services. Users of cloud computing services are not concerned about over provisioning due to flexibility and scalability of information technology. The reason is attributable to the fact that users can dynamically obtain resources of cloud computing according to needs and demands of consumers. This helps organization in satisfying demand of consumers at peak while just paying for the service used and using extra resources according to requirements. Cloud services enables an organization to quickly, efficiently and easily develop an application (Subramanian et al. 2014). Some of other potential benefits of cloud computing services involved improving organizations external capabilities, reliability, mobility and accessibility. External capabilities involves increasing collaboration with business partners and it helps business in innovating their services, process and products for meeting the market changing requirements. Telecommunication and Information technologies industries is significantly impacted by cloud computing services (Apostu et al. 2013). Disadvantages of Cloud computing: Organizations are faced with increasing challenges and concerns with every new technological advancements. There is slowdown in their adoption process for which they are required to overcome such challenges. Security issues- One of the major concern of cloud computing is privacy and security issues and this makes most of organization hesitant to adopt such services. Organization with sensitive data are not encouraged to employ the cloud computing services because data of customers are shared among multiple shared servers. It is required by organization to make investment in hardware and software for addressing cloud service issues (Gonzlez et al. 2015). Organizations are scared of vendor lock-in and there involves difficulties in switching to different cloud service providers. It is hard for firms to move in and out of cloud services, as it is not affordable for them. Interoperability of clouds is not possible because of lack of standards. It is possible for organization to have to face institutional lock in along with lock in that is technological in nature. Consumers seeking the applications of cloud computing services is concerned about requirements of government compliance that differs from one country to another (Al-Ayyoub et al. 2015). There are different compliance requirements that an organizations is required to follow when provisioning such services. Therefore, compatibility issues is another challenge faced by organization as international and migration of cloud services is difficult. Conclusion: Analysis of literature review deals with evolution of cloud computing services and various models that it incorporates along with discussion of advantages and disadvantages. The research involved a general view on cloud computing services by refection several benefits and challenges faced by firms adopting to such services. It is revealed by literature review of advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing services that a lot of new fixing is required by cloud computing as it is not suitable for all types of business enterprises. Decision making of organization for adopting or migrating to cloud computing services by organization would be assisted by striking a balance between the service advantages and disadvantages. Some of the challenges that is faced while doing research is shortage of literature on cloud computing. There are lot of opportunities for improvement in the services of cloud computing. For further study on research on cloud computing is to focus on some specifics o f cloud concepts aspects such as pay per use model and its long-term effect or strengthening the models of business by finding ways. Reference list: Al-Ayyoub, M., Jararweh, Y., Daraghmeh, M. and Althebyan, Q., 2015. Multi-agent based dynamic resource provisioning and monitoring for cloud computing systems infrastructure.Cluster Computing,18(2), pp.919-932. Alzahrani, A., Alalwan, N. and Sarrab, M., 2014, April. Mobile cloud computing: advantage, disadvantage and open challenge. InProceedings of the 7th Euro American Conference on Telematics and Information Systems(p. 21). ACM. Apostu, A., Puican, F., Ularu, G.E.A.N.I.N.A., Suciu, G. and Todoran, G., 2013. Study on advantages and disadvantages of Cloud Computingthe advantages of Telemetry Applications in the Cloud.Recent Advances in Applied Computer Science and Digital Services. New York: Wseas,200, pp.118-123. Assuno, M.D., Calheiros, R.N., Bianchi, S., Netto, M.A. and Buyya, R., 2015. Big Data computing and clouds: Trends and future directions.Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,79, pp.3-15. Fernndez, A., del Ro, S., Lpez, V., Bawakid, A., del Jesus, M.J., Bentez, J.M. and Herrera, F., 2014. Big Data with Cloud Computing: an insight on the computing environment, MapReduce, and programming frameworks.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,4(5), pp.380-409. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., 2013. Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), pp.84-106. Garrison, G., Wakefield, R.L. and Kim, S., 2015. The effects of IT capabilities and delivery model on cloud computing success and firm performance for cloud supported processes and operations.International Journal of Information Management,35(4), pp.377-393. Gonzlez-Martnez, J.A., Bote-Lorenzo, M.L., Gmez-Snchez, E. and Cano-Parra, R., 2015. Cloud computing and education: A state-of-the-art survey.Computers Education,80, pp.132-151. Gutierrez, A., Boukrami, E. and Lumsden, R., 2015. Technological, organisational and environmental factors influencing managers decision to adopt cloud computing in the UK.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,28(6), pp.788-807. Hameed, A., Khoshkbarforoushha, A., Ranjan, R., Jayaraman, P.P., Kolodziej, J., Balaji, P., Zeadally, S., Malluhi, Q.M., Tziritas, N., Vishnu, A. and Khan, S.U., 2016. A survey and taxonomy on energy efficient resource allocation techniques for cloud computing systems.Computing,98(7), pp.751-774. Mezgr, I. and Rauschecker, U., 2014. The challenge of networked enterprises for cloud computing interoperability.Computers in Industry,65(4), pp.657-674. Oliveira, T., Thomas, M. and Espadanal, M., 2014. Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors. Information Management,51(5), pp.497-510. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Sadiku, M.N., Musa, S.M. and Momoh, O.D., 2014. Cloud computing: opportunities and challenges.IEEE potentials,33(1), pp.34-36. Subramanian, N., Abdulrahman, M.D. and Zhou, X., 2014. Integration of logistics and cloud computing service providers: Cost and green benefits in the Chinese context.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,70, pp.86-98. Sultan, N., 2014. Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: Opportunities and challenges.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.177-184.

Thanksgiving Essays - Thanksgiving, Food And Drink, Canadian Cuisine

Thanksgiving Thanksgiving Day, national holiday in the U.S. commemorating the harvest reaped by the Plymouth Colony in 1621. The first national Thanksgiving Day was proclaimed by Pres. Washington for Nov. 26, 1789. Pres. Lincoln revived the custom in 1863. In 1941 Congress decreed that Thanksgiving should fall on the fourth Thursday of November. The customary turkey dinner is a reminder of the four wild turkeys served at the PILGRIMS' first thanksgiving feast. national holiday in the United States commemorating the harvest reaped by the Plymouth Colony in 1621, after a winter of great starvation and privation. In that year Gov. William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving, and the feast was shared by all the colonists and the neighboring Native Americans. Although similar observances were held locally, they were sporadic and at no set time. After the American Revolution the first national Thanksgiving Day, proclaimed by George Washington, was Nov. 26, 1789. Abraham Lincoln, urged by Sarah J. Hale, revived the custom in 1863, appointing as the date the last Thursday of November. In 1939, 1940, and 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed Thanksgiving the third Thursday in November. When a contradiction arose between Roosevelt's proclamation and some of those of state governors, Congress passed a joint resolution in 1941 decreeing that Thanksgiving should fall on the fourth Thursday of November. The day is observed by church services and f amily reunions; the customary turkey dinner is a reminder of the four wild turkeys served at the Pilgrims' first thanksgiving feast. Bibliography Student Referance Library History Reports